[toc] 发音和记忆是相辅相成的 先背过，然后再学语法，那些词汇就已经熟悉于心 不是仅仅理解就可以，你需要一遍又一遍地背诵。

Sandhī 不需要思考太多，只需要每天背诵。 不需要思考，only follow your pronouncation.

Everyday you recite sandhis from begin to the end.

Pali Lesson 18 Netuer Nouns 中性名词

63.Nominative, Vocative and Accusative of Neuter nouns. 63.中性名词的主格、呼格和对格

To the noun-stems ending in ‘a’, ‘ṃ’ is added to form their Nominative Singular. Thus the stem ‘phala’ (fruit) becomes ‘phalaṃ’ in the Nomin-ative singular. 对于以“a”结尾的名词词干，添加“ṃ”以形成其主格单数。 因此，主格单数词干“phala”（水果）变成“phalam”。

Noun stems ending in other vowels, i, ī, u and ū, remain unchanged. 以其他元音 i、ī、u 和 ū 结尾的名词词干保持不变。

Nouns ending in ī, and ū, are very rare. There are some adjectives ending in ‘ī’ and ‘ū’ which play the part of nouns as: sudhī, gotrabhū. 以 ī 和 ū 结尾的名词非常罕见。 有一些以“ī”和“ū”结尾的形容词充当名词，例如：sudhī、gotrabhū。

In the Vocative Singular the short final vowel of the stem remains unchanged and a long vowel is shortened as: phala, aṭṭhi, sudhi, cakkhu, gotrabhu. 在呼格单数中，词干的短尾元音保持不变，长元音缩短为：phala、aṭṭhi、sudhi、cakkhu、gotrabhu。

In the Accusative Singular ‘ṃ’ is added to every stem, and a long vowel is shortened before ‘ṃ’ as: phalaṃ, aṭṭhiṃ, sudhiṃ, cakkhuṃ, gotrabhuṃ. 在宾格单数中，每个词干都添加“ṃ”，并且“ṃ”之前的长元音被缩短为：phalam、aṭṭhiṃ、sudhiṃ、cakkhuṃ、gotrabhuṃ。

64.Plural forms 64.复数

There are two nominative plurals. In one the short vowel becomes long and the long vowel remains unchanged. In the other ‘-ni’ is added to all those forms as: phalā, phalāni, aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni, sudhī, sudhīni, cakkhū,cakkhūni, gotrabhū, gotrabhūni.

有两个主格复数。 其中，短元音变长，长元音保持不变。 在其他形式中，“-ni”被添加到所有这些形式中：phalā、phalāni、aṭṭhī、aṭṭhīni、sudhī、sudhīni、cakkhū、cakkhūni、gotrabhū、gotrabhūni。

65.Vocative plural is the same as the Nominative plural (of all nouns). 65.呼格复数与主格复数（所有名词）相同。

66.In Accusative plural, the final ‘a’ of the stem becomes ‘e’, in one form and the other form is the same as the nominative plural as: phale, phalāni. The Accusative plural of the stems ending in all other vowels is the same as their nominative plural, e.g. aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni, sudhī, sudhīni, gotrabhū, gotrabhūni. 在宾格复数中，词干的最后一个“a”变成“e”，其中一种形式和另一种形式与主格复数相同：phale、phalāni。 以所有其他元音结尾的词干的宾格复数与其主格复数相同，例如 aṭṭhī、aṭṭhīni、sudhī、sudhīni、gotrabhū、gotrabhūni。

Nominative, Vocative and Accusative Plurals 主格、位格和宾格

Singular forms of other Cases 其他格的单数形式

—-: | ————–: | ———: | ———: | ———: | ———: | | Instr.
工具格 | phalena | aṭṭhinā | sudhinā | cakkhunā | gotrabhunā | Abl.
离格 | phalā | aṭṭhinā | sudhinā | cakkhunā |gotrabhunā | ^^ | phalasmā | aṭṭhismā | sudhismā | cakkhusmā |gotrabhusmā | ^^ | phalamhā | aṭṭhimhā | sudhimhā | cakkhunā | gotrabhunā | Dat.
与格 | phalāya | aṭṭhino | sudhino | cakkhuno | gotrabhuno | ^^ | phalassa | aṭṭhissa | sudhissa | cakkhussa | gotrabhussa | Gen.
属格(所有格) | | aṭṭhissa | ^^ | phalassa | | sudhissa| cakkhussa | gotrabhussa | ^^ | | aṭṭhino | sudhino | cakkhuno | gotrabhuno | Loc.
位格 | phalasmiṃ | ^^ | | aṭṭhismiṃ | sudhismiṃ | cakkhusmiṃ | gotrahhusmiṃ | ^^ | phalamhi | | sudhimhi | cakkhumhi | gotrabhumhi | ^^ | phale | aṭṭhimhi |

Note: Optionally ‘i’ and ‘ū’ before ‘su’ become short, e.g. aṭṭhisu, cakkhusu. The adjective ‘sudhī’ and ‘gotrabhū’ go together with neuter nouns as: sudhī kulaṃ (wise family), gotrabhū cittaṃ (the gotrabhū conscious-ness), sudhimhi kule (in the wise family), gotrabhumhi cittamhi (in the gotrabhū consciousness).

注意：可以选择将“su”之前的“i”和“ū”缩短，例如 aṭṭhisu，cakkhusu。 形容词“sudhī”和“gotrabhū”与中性名词一起使用，如：sudhī kulaṃ（明智的家庭）、gotrabhū cittaṃ（gotrabhū 意识）、sudhimhi kule（明智的家庭）、gotrabhumhi cittamhi（gotrabhū 意识） 。

Vocabulary 词汇

Masculine Nouns 阳性名词

Neuter Nouns 中性名词

Adjectives 形容词

Indeclinables and Adverbs 不定式和副词

Verbs 动词

Exercises 练习

(a) Translate into English（巴译英）

1.Brāhmaṇo uṭṭhāyāsanā uttarāsaṅgaṃ ekaṃsaṃ karitvā daharānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ pāde vandi.

1.The Brahmin, got up from (his) seat, put on one shoulder (his) upper robe and bowed down at the feet of young monks. 1.婆罗门从座起，偏袒上衣于一肩，顶礼于年轻比丘脚下。

2.Therā viriyaṃ ārabhanti.

2.长老们做出努力。

3.Te sotaṃ odahanti.

3.They give ear. 3.他们倾听。

4.Bhikkhū bhojanaṃ bhuñjanti.

4.The monks eat food. 4.僧人们吃东西。

5.Bālā akusalāni kammāni karonti.

5.The foolish commit evil deeds.

5.愚人作恶。

6.Gahapatino cittaṃ pasīdati.

6.He rejoices the householder’s mind. 6.令居士心欢喜。

7.Pāmojjaṃ uppajjati.

7.Joy arises (i.e. br feels joyful). 7.喜悦升起（即 br 感到喜悦）。

8.Tumhe āvuso Ānanda rāgassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha, dosassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha mohassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha.

8.Friend Ānanda, you promulgate the getting rid of lust, anger and delusion. 8.阿难尊者，您宣示断除贪、嗔、痴。

9.Mayaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ bhuñjāma neva davāya, na madāya, na maṇḍanāya, na vibhūsanāya.

9.We eat food not for the sake of amusement, enjoyment, not to bring adornment (to our body), not for ornament (not for beautifying). 9.我们吃食物不是为了娱乐、享受，不是为了装饰（给我们的身体），不是为了装饰（不是为了美化）。

10.Natthi bhikkhave paṇḍitato bhayaṃ.

10.Monks, there is no fear (danger) from a wise person. 10.比库们，有智慧的人不会有恐惧（危险）。

11.Pāpaṇiko mahattaṃ pāpuṇāti bhogesu.

11.The merchant attains prosperity in his wealth. 11.商人因财富而繁荣。

12.Yannūnāhaṃ Ma-hānāmaṃ ekamantaṃ apanetvā dhammaṃ deseyyāmi.

12.How good would it be if I were to take Mahānāma to one side and expound to him the Dhamma! 12.如果我能将摩诃纳摩带到一旁，为他说法，那该多好啊！

13.Bhikkhū paññattesu āsanesu nisīdiṃsu.

13.The monks sat down on the prepared seats. 13.比库们在准备好的座位上坐下

14.Akusalaṃ bhikkhave pajahatha, sakkā bhikkhave akusalaṃ pajahituṃ.

14.Dispel, Monks, evil. It can be dispelled, O monks. 14.比库们！驱除邪恶。诸比库，它可以被驱除。

15.Cakkhūni hāyanti mamāyitāni.

15.Eyes regarded as one’s own come to decay. 15.视如己出的眼睛会腐烂。

(b) Translate into Pali (英译巴)

1.Monks made an attempt to attain Arhatship. 1.僧侣们试图证得阿拉汉果。 1.Bhikkhū arahattaṃ pāpunituṃ viriyaṃ ārabhiṃsu.

2.The Buddha expounded the doctrine for getting rid of lust, anger and delusion. 佛陀阐述了断除贪、嗔、痴的教义。 2.Buddho rāgassa dosassa mohassa pahānāya dhammaṃ desesi.

3.We went to the house of the general and sat down on the seats that had been prepared. 3.Mayaṃ senānino gehaṃ gantvā paññattesu āsanesu nisīdimhā.

3.我们来到将军府，在已经准备好的座位上坐下。

4.If you become lazy, certainly you will fall into poverty. 4.如果你变得懒惰，你肯定会陷入贫困。 4.Sace tvaṃ kusito (alaso) bhaveyyāsi, nissaṃsayaṃ dāḷiddiyaṃ pāpuneyyāsi (pateyyāsi).

5.How good would it be if I should go forth from home to homelessness. 5.如果我能出家该多好。 5.Yannūnāhaṃ agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajeyyāmi.

6.They gave ear to hear the teaching of the Buddha. 6.他们送车去听佛陀的教法。 6.Te Buddhassa dhammaṃ sotuṃ sotaṃ odahiṃsu.

8.Many meritorious deeds were done by the wise family. 8.贤明的家族做了很多功德。 8.Sudhinā kulena bahūni puññani kammāni katāni.

10.The monk went to the forest and sat down at the foot of a tree. 10. 僧人来到森林里，在一棵树下坐下。 10.Bhikkhu araññaṃ (vanaṃ) gantvā rukkhassa mūle nisīdi.

11.Then the Buddha stayed in Nigrodharama in the vicinity of the city Kapilavatthu. 11.然后，佛陀住在迦毗罗卫城附近的黑法。 11.Tadā Buddho Kapilavattussa nagarassa avidūre (samīpe) nigrodhārāme vihari (vasi).

12.The farmers worked in the field in the daytime and returned to (their) houses in the evening. 12.Kassakā divā khette kammaṃ katvā sāyaṃ (sāyaṇhe) gehāni paccāgacchiṃsu.

13.Many soldiers were standing at the gate of the city. 12.农民们白天在地里干活，晚上就回家。 13.Nagarassa dvāre bahū (bahavo) bhatā (yodhā) aṭṭhaṃsu.

14.We see visible forms with (our) eyes, hear sounds with (our) ears and smell odours with (our) nose. 14.我们用（我们的）眼睛看到可见的形状，用（我们的）耳朵听到声音，用（我们的）鼻子闻到气味。 14.Mayaṃ cakkhūhi rūpāni passāma, sotehi sadde suṇāma ghāṇena gandhe ca ghāyāma.

(The words within brackets arc not to be translated.) （括号内的文字不予翻译。）

Please note: The pāḷi sentences voice in this passage are generated using the pali tts dataset pretrained model by pnfo, It is only for reference in learning pronunciation and accuracy is not guaranteed. For more information about pali-tts by pnfo, please visit their official webpage on Github. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to PNF (Path Nirvana Foundation) ! May the Buddha’s correct teachings remain in the world for a long time!

请注意： 本文巴利句子语音由pnfo的巴利文本转语音 数据集（pali-tts-dataset）预训练模型生成，仅供学习发音参考，不保证准确性。如果您想要知道更多关于pali-tts或其他佛法软件资料等信息，请访问他们的在Github上的官方页面，在此谨向PNF（趋向涅槃基金会）致以诚挚的谢意! 愿佛陀正确的教法久住世间！愿所有人都能正确理解佛法！